Prolific Life of Theodore Roosevelt Jr |
Much is written about Theodore
Roosevelt Jr, the 26th President of the United
States and leader of the famous Rough Riders of the
Spanish-American
War in Cuba. He was an historian who wrote while attending
Harvard University entitled The
Naval War of 1812. Theodore was a state assemblyman, a member
of the Republican
National Convention from 1882 to 1884. He was a rancher and
cowboy whose herd got wiped out in the severe winter of 1886-1887,
when he returned to the state of New York building the Sagamore Hill
estate in Oyster Bay.
Roosevelt built a second ranch named
Elk Horn, 35 miles north of Medora,
North Dakota on the banks of the Little
Missouri River where he practiced riding western style, roping
and hunting from horseback. He said
of the cowboy:
...few of the emasculated, milk-and-water moralities admired by the pseudo-philanthropists, but he does possess, to a very high degree, the stern, manly qualities that are invaluable to a nation.
Theodore wrote three books and articles
for national magazines about frontier life between 1885 and 1893. He
was a deputy sheriff and hunted down three outlaws who stole his
riverboat, escaping with it up the Little Missouri. After capture he
decided not to deliver frontier justice by hanging them from a nearby
tree, but instead sent his foreman back by boat while he took the
captured thieves for trial in Dickinson. He guarded them for forty
hours, staying awake by reading Tolstoy and a dime-store western
novel one of the thieves was carrying.
As a child, Theodore was sickly and
asthmatic – but active despite his illnesses. He started getting
interested in zoology at age seven and learned the art of taxidermy.
At his father's estate he created what his cousins called the
Roosevelt Museum of Natural History. He also began to exercise
regularly and learned to box in order to overcome his poor physical
condition at the encouragement of his father, who added a personal
gymnasium on the estate. Theodore would write in later life about his
father:
My father, Theodore Roosevelt, was the best man I ever knew. He combined strength and courage with gentleness, tenderness, and great unselfishness. He would not tolerate in us children selfishness or cruelty, idleness, cowardice, or untruthfulness.
Theodore,
or “Teedie” as he was nicknamed was home schooled by tutors and
his parents. He did well in biology, French and German languages, but
struggled with mathematics, Latin, and Greek. At Harvard, he was
active in rowing, boxing, the Alpha
Delta Phi literary society, the Delta
Kappa Epsilon fraternity, and was a member of the Porcellian
Club. He also edited The
Harvard Advocate.
After graduating, Roosevelt was examined by a physician who told him
that he had a serious heart problem and should get a desk job and
avoid strenuous activity. While he had attended the Columbia Law
School, he was not interested in a legal career and spent most of his
time writing his history book about the War of 1812.
On
his 22nd
birthday, he married Alice
Hathaway Lee,
who died of kidney failure two days after his daughter Alice
Lee Roosevelt
was born. His daughter when growing up proved to be as feisty as her father. On the same day, Theodore's mother died of typhoid fever.
It was a heavy toll upon young Theodore, which made him decide to
leave baby Alice in the care of his sister in New York City while he
spent time recovering from sorrow.
In his diary, he marked a large
“X” on a page and wrote:
The light has gone out of my life.
For
the rest of his life, he rarely spoke of Alice and never mentioned
her in his autobiography.
Theodore
married again in December of 1886, his childhood friend, Edith Kermit
Carow and they honeymooned in Europe, where he climbed to the summit
of Mont Blanc which entitled him to be inducted into the English
Royal Society.
They had five children: Theodore
“Ted” Roosevelt III
(“Jr”, 1887-1944), Kermit
Roosevelt (1889-1943),
Ethel
Carow Roosevelt (1891-1977),
Archibald
Bulloch “Archie” Roosevelt
(1894-1979), and Quentin
Roosevelt
(1897-1918).
From
1888 to 1895, Theodore Roosevelt served on the United
States Civil Service Commission. In 1895, Theodore became
president of the board of New York City Police Commissioners, serving
for two years. Roosevelt was enthusiastic in his job, and in 1894, he
teamed up with Jacob
Ris,
an Evening Sun
newspaper reporter who had written about the terrible conditions of
poor immigrants, which effected Theodore greatly. For two years, the
reporter and Theodore would fight the crime-ridden Mulberry
Street to clean it up.
Roosevelt made it a habit to walk
officers' beats late at night into early morning to make sure they
were on duty. As Governor of New York state, before he became Vice
President in 1901, Roosevelt signed an act replacing the Police
Commissioners board with a single Police Commissioner in order to
more efficiently fight crime.
President
William
McKinley appointed
Roosevelt to the post of Assistant Secretary of the Navy in 1897.
Roosevelt was instrumental in preparing the Navy for the
Spanish-American
War. Spain declared war on April 23rd,
1898 and the US Congress officially declared war on April 25th.
On that day, Roosevelt resigned from his position as assistant
Secretary of the Navy and with the help of the US Army Colonel
Leonard
Wood,
Roosevelt gathered volunteer cowboys and Ivy League friends to form
the First U.S.
Volunteer Cavalry Regiment that newspapers dubbed the Rough
Riders.
The regiment mobilized in Texas, their encampment being established
at the San Antonio International Fair Grounds, now called Roosevelt
Park.
A recruiting table was set up at the Menger Hotel next to the bar.
The Rough Riders received their horses and equipment from the
Quartermaster Depot at Fort
Sam Houston and their uniform and gear were unique. They wore
brown canvas fatigues as their field uniform,
carried machetes in lieu of sabers and had a dynamite gun and Colt
Machine Guns
as part of their equipment.
The
Rough Riders, commanded by Lt Colonel Roosevelt, was a diverse unit
that included Ivy Leaguers, football and baseball athletes, golf and
polo players, gentlemen from exclusive clubs in New York and Boston,
cowboys, frontiersmen, Native Americans, hunters, miners,
prospectors, former soldiers, tradesmen, sheriffs and assorted
adventurers. The unit was as colorful as its commander. After
multiple-round Krag smokeless carbines arrived thanks to Colonel Wood
and Lt Colonel Roosevelt's influence with the War Department,
training commenced on May 16th.
On
May 28th,
1898, orders came from the War Department and Colonel Wood, Lt
Colonel Roosevelt and his men embarked
on trains from San Antonio to Tampa, Florida.
The
Rough Rider regiment was part of the Cavalry Division commanded by a
former Confederate cavalry officer who became a US Representative –
Joseph
Wheeler.
It was one of three divisions that were part of V Corps under Lt
General William
Rufus Shafter.
After loading ships with their equipment, supplies, and horses, it
was almost a week spent in Tampa Bay before departure for Cuba. The
Rough Riders landed in Daiquiri on June 23rd,
1898 and the Rough Riders marched past the 1st
Infantry Division
commanded by Civil War veteran and Geronimo
fighter, General Henry
Ware Lawton
[who was a captain when Geronimo was captured].
Commanded
by Wood and Roosevelt and future Arizona territorial governor,
Alexander
Brodie and two other squadron commanders moved on a road that was
parallel to the beach. The Rough Riders met the Spaniards on a narrow
trail just after the Regulars came in contact with the enemy,
receiving cannon fire from Spaniard positions, who were forced to
leave their positions after the skirmish.
General
Young was ill with fever, so Colonel Wood took charge of the brigade,
and Lt Colonel Roosevelt was promoted in field to Colonel to command
the Rough Rider regiment. Colonel Wood was promoted to Brigadier
General of the Volunteer Forces brigade.
Under
Colonel Roosevelt's leadership, the Rough Riders became famous for
their charges up Kettle
Hill and San
Juan Hill on July 1st,
1898. Theodore Roosevelt would be nominated for the Medal
of Honor, later disapproved.
Malaria
and other diseases killed more troops than in battle. In August of
1898, Colonel Roosevelt and other officers demanded that the soldiers
be returned home.
In
2001, Theodore Roosevelt was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor
for his heroic actions on San Juan Hill. John
Gable,
an historian, wrote:
In later years Roosevelt would describe the Battle of San Juan Hill as the 'great day of my life' and 'my crowded hour'.
Edith Roosevelt & son, Ted |
Theodore
Roosevelt was, to date, the only President of the United States to be
awarded the highest military honor and the only person in history to
receive both his nation's highest honor for military valor and the
Nobel
Peace Prize.
His eldest son, Ted,
would also earn a posthumous Medal of Honor during World War II, for
rallying and leading troops in the midst of heavy German resistance
during the invasion of Normandy in June of 1944. Ted died a month
later and was awarded posthumously in September of 1944.
While
Theodore's nickname was “Teddy”, after his return to civilian
life, most referred to him as “Colonel Roosevelt' or “The
Colonel”.
Theodore
Roosevelt Jr became the 26th
President of the United States in 1901 after President
McKinley assassination, after being the Vice President for only
six months.
"Speak softly and carry a big stick" |
He was reelected in 1904 in a landslide victory with
Charles
W. Fairbanks
as his vice president. In 1902 he dealt with the United
Mine Workers union by stopping the strike and at the same time
getting more pay for the workers with fewer hours. Theodore was
always looking to improve conditions of the regular citizen. He
helped pass laws such as the Meat
Inspection Act of 1905 and the Pure
Food and Drug Act. He also was instrumental in establishing the
American
School Hygiene Association of which he was honorary president.
Like
McKinley, Roosevelt valued the press to ensure that citizens were
kept abreast of what was going on at the White House. He became more
popular with the press when on a rainy day, President Roosevelt
notice that the White House reporters were huddled together in the
rain and he ordered that they have a room inside. Theodore had
invented the presidential
press briefing and the grateful press ensured that Roosevelt
received ample coverage.
Theodore
Roosevelt was also an inspiration to immigrants, and in one of his
speeches he insisted that immigrants coming here to become citizens
of the United States not be “hyphenated Americans” but just
Americans. In 1907, Roosevelt signed the Gentlemen's
Agreement that banned all school segregation of Japanese, but
also enforced the limited immigration of Japanese that were pouring
into California. In the same year, he signed the proclamation that
established Oklahoma as the 46th
state of the Union.
In
1908, Theodore chose not to run another term, and supported William
Howard Taft for
the presidency, instead of his vice president Fairbanks, who withdrew
from the race and would later support Taft for reelection against
Roosevelt in the 1912
election.
During
his presidency, Roosevelt appointed 75 federal judges, a record, and
appointed three Justices to the US Supreme Court: Oliver
Wendell Holmes Jr
and
William
Rufus Day
and William
Henry Moody.
In addition to those three, Roosevelt appointed 19 judges to the US
Court of Appeals, and 53 judges to the US District Courts.
After
leaving the White House, Roosevelt left New York and went on a the
Smithsonian-Roosevelt African Expedition in 1902, financed by Andrew
Carnegie.
Among the group was the legendary hunter, R.
J. Cunninghame,
as well as scientists from the Smithsonian
Institution.
Specimens of animals hunted were donated to the
Smithsonian Institution and the American
Museum of Natural History in New York city. Roosevelt brought on
the trip, four tons of salt for preserving animal hides, a luck
rabbit's foot given to him by John
L. Sullivan,
famous boxer; a Holland
and Holland double rifle in .500/450 caliber, donated by British
fans; a Winchester 1895 rifle in .405
Winchester, an Army M1903
Springfield rifle in .30-06 caliber custom stocked and sighted for
him; a Fox No. 12 shotgun, and his famous Pigskin Library, a
collection of classic books bound in pig leather transported in a
reinforced trunk.
Accompanied by Kermit,
his son, other notables of the expedition were Edgar
Alexander Mearns,
Edmund
Heller,
and John
Alden Loring.
The group killed or trapped 11,400 animals ranging from insects and
moles to hippopotamuses and elephants. The 1000 large animals,
included 512 big game animals, that included six rare White
rhinos. The expedition ate 262 of the animals. The quantity of
the collection was so large it took years to mount them all and
display them at the Smithsonian and other museums.
While
Theodore was campaigning in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1912, a
saloon-keeper, John
Flammang Schrank shot him, but the bullet entered his chest only
after piercing his steel eyeglass case and a 50-page speech he
carried in his jacket pocket. Roosevelt was taken off the campaign
trail in the final weeks of the campaign. The bullet lodged in his
chest and later caused rheumatoid arthritis that he suffered for
years to get worse, and soon prevented him from doing his daily
exercises, which caused Roosevelt to gain weight - reaching 220 pounds.
From
1913 and 1914, Roosevelt embarked on the South
American Expedition, financed by the American Museum of Natural
History. One of his goals was to find the River
of Doubt,
which was later named the Roosevelt
River in his honor.
River of Doubt Expedition Team |
Roosevelt
suffered a minor leg wound in a canoe incident, which soon gave him
tropical fever that resembled malaria he had contracted fifteen years
earlier in Cuba. Weakened, he suffered greatly after six weeks on the
expedition and had to be attended night and day by the expedition's
physician and his son, Kermit. By that time he could no longer walk
because of the infection of his injured leg and because of an injury
from a traffic accident ten years earlier. Theodore suffered from
chest pains and fought a fever that had rose to 103°
F and was so delirious at times he would repeat the opening line of
Coleridge's poem, Kubla
Khan. Roosevelt felt that his condition was a threat to the
survival of others and insisted he be left behind, but his son
persuaded him to continue. During the experience, Roosevelt lost 50
pounds, formerly being overweight at 220 pounds.
Friends
and family were startled when Roosevelt returned, his physical
appearance changed from fatigue and disease. Later Theodore would
write to a friend that the trip had cut his life short by at least
ten years. That analysis would prove to be true. For the rest of his
remaining life he would be plagued with reoccurring malaria bouts and
leg inflammation so severe it would require surgery. The National
Geographic Society reviewed his claims of exploring and navigating
uncharted river for over 625 miles, and the River of Doubt was named
Rio Roosevelt.
Kaiser Wilhelm & T. Roosevelt |
When
World War I commenced, Theodore strongly supported the Allies and
demanded harsher policies toward Germany, especially regarding
submarine warfare. Roosevelt angrily denounced the inept foreign
policy of President Woodrow
Wilson,
stating it was a failure because of atrocities in Belgium and various
violations of American rights. In 1916, he campaigned energetically
for Charles
Evans Hughes
and denounced Irish-Americans and German-Americans who were
unpatriotic because they put Ireland and Germany ahead of America's
neutrality. He insisted that a citizen had to be 100% American, not a
“hyphenated
American”.
Theodore
sought to raise a volunteer infantry division, but he had made an
enemy of Wilson, so the president refused. However, Theodore's
attacks on Wilson helped the Republicans win control of Congress in
the elections of 1918. If it wasn't for his health, Theodore could
have been a formidable Republican nominee in 1920; so instead his
family and supporters focused upon General Leonard
Wood
who was defeated by Taft supporter Warren
G. Harding.
Quentin Roosevelt, WWI |
Quentin
Roosevelt, his youngest son, became a pilot with the American forces
in France, was shot down behind German lines in 1918 at the age of
20. Theodore never recovered from his loss.
Despite
the reoccurring health issues, Roosevelt remained active to the end
of his life. Because of his love of the outdoors and support of youth
of America, Theodore spearheaded the movement to form the Boy
Scouts of America, who gave him the honorary title of Chief
Scout Citizen
– the only person to ever hold the title.
During
Theodore's colorful career and life, he introduced the phrase Square
Deal, was one of the first Presidents to make conservation a national
issue and in his Message
to Congress in 1908, he mentioned the need for the federal
government to regulate interstate corporations using the Interstate
Commerce Clause.
He
reorganized the federal immigration depot at Ellis Island stating
that …
We can not have too much immigration of the right sort, and we should have none whatever of the wrong sort.
He also praised the immigrant who became “Americanized” …It is unwise to depart from the old American tradition and discriminate for or against any man who desires to come here and become a citizen, save on the ground of that man's fitness for citizenship … We can not afford to consider whether he is Catholic or Protestant, Jew or Gentile; whether he is Englishman, or Irishman, Frenchman or German, Japanese, Italian, or Scandinavian or Magyar. What we should desire to find out is the individual quality of the individual man …
Theodore
Roosevelt was the first president to appoint a representative of the
Jewish minority to a cabinet position – Secretary of Commerce and
Labor, Oscar
S. Straus,
1906-1909.
Theodore
Roosevelt was not a friend to Native Americans, denouncing their
savage reprisals in the American West.
Regarding
African Americans, Roosevelt stated:
...in as much as he is here and can neither be killed nor driven away, the only wise and honorable and Christian thing to do is to treat each black man and each white man strictly on his merits as a man, giving him no more and no less than he shows himself worthy to have.
Roosevelt
appointed numerous African Americans to federal office, such as
Walter
L. Cohen,
a leader of the Black and Tan Republican faction who became the
Register of the Federal Land Office.
Roosevelt
regarded slavery as -
...a crime whose shortsighted folly was worse than its guilt … it brought hordes of African slaves, whose descendents now form immense populations in certain portions of the land.
In
1907, many states adopted the eugenicists plan that forced the
sterilization of the sick, unemployed, poor, criminals, prostitutes,
and the disabled. In 1914, Theodore Roosevelt stated:
I wish very much that the wrong people could be prevented entirely from breeding; and when the evil nature of these people is sufficiently flagrant, this should be done. Criminals should be sterilized and feeble-minded persons forbidden to leave offspring behind them.
T.
Roosevelt was a prolific author and wrote with passion on subjects
ranging from foreign policy to the importance of a national park
system.
He
did not like the name the press and people gave him – Teddy. He was
a regular church attendee and a member of the Freemasons
and Sons
of the American Revolution.
Along
with Thomas
Jefferson,
Theodore Roosevelt has been considered to be one of the most
well-read American politician in history.
His
likeness joins the busts of George
Washington,
Thomas
Jefferson
and Abraham
Lincoln
at the Mount
Rushmore Memorial, designed in 1927.
In
1901 he was awarded an honorary
doctorate (LL.D) by Yale University.
And,
of course, the Panama Canal was built because of his efforts.
On
the evening of January 5th,
1919 at about 11:00 PM, he had problems breathing. After the family
physician provided treatment he felt better and went to bed.
Theodore's last words were to his family servant James Amos:
Please put out that light, James.
He
died in his sleep in his home at Sagamore
Hill from a blood clot detached from a vein and entered his
lungs. Archie,
his son, telegraphed the siblings with the simple words:
The old lion is dead.
Indeed,
the energetic adventurer's life ended peacefully in his sleep.
Thomas
R. Marshall,
Woodrow Wilson's vice president said after his death:
Death had to take Roosevelt sleeping, for if he had been awake, there would have been a fight.
Theodore
Roosevelt Jr was survived by his sisters, Corinne and Bamie, his wife
Edith, and five children and eight grandchildren.
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