Historians state that dueling goes back
as far as the Roman period in history; if the Gladiatorial matches
could be loosely considered to be a form of dueling. Indeed, the word
duel comes from a Latin duellium that was translated
into Middle English later in history. Literally it means war between
two.
Fighting in a circle of stones |
The Norse concept of honor and the
lengths one would take to protect one's good name. We find much about
society in the Sagas
of the Icelanders (Íslendingasögur).
Of course, often competition of insults between rivals were part of a
sense of dueling to the Norseman and not always leading to actual
dual combat. But when duels were to be fought, they were fought at a
specific place, traditionally at þingvellir
(where Iceland's parliament is
today), once an island but changed by geological changes, a former
gathering place for meetings. It was the same spot where meetings
were held and decisions made, established around 930 AD. It is now an
Icelandic
national park.
Formal rules
had been established, and the injured party would say, according o
the 13th
century Swedish text, You are
not a man's equal and not a man at heart.
The
second party would reply: I
am as much a man as you.
The time and place were then established. If either duelist did not
appear, as arranged, he was branded níðingr.
Duels
described in Nordic text/sagas begin with a recitation of the dueling
law, called hólmgöngulög.
A cloak was laid on the ground and both men stepped on the cloak. If
either men stepped off the cloak, he lost the duel and became branded
a níðingr.
Sometimes a circle of stones were used instead of a cloak. Weapons used were swords, spears, or axes. Each man was allowed three
shields in case any should break. If blood was spilled on the cloak,
that person was permitted to withdraw. If both were wounded, the man
with the worse wound could purchase departure from the fighting
cloak. If a man died in a duel, all his property went to the winner;
which is why most fights were to the death.
Then they proceeded to where they were to fight, and Moldi said he would state the duelling rules, "for I have challenged you. Each of us will place his cloak under his feet, and each of us must stand on his cloak, not moving the thickness of a finger, and the one that moves will bear a coward's name, while the man that wins will be called a valiant man wherever he goes. Whoever is wounded or defeated can release himself from the duel by paying three marks."
In
Chapter 11 of Gunnlaugs
saga ormstungu,
the party who was challenged got to strike the first blow. There are
more details at Hurstwic
historical website.
When
Christianity took its toll upon pagan Nordic culture, they not only
introduced a new religion, but also the practice of ordeal by fire.
Commonly the person who was protecting his honor would grab a piece
of iron from boiling water and walk nine paces with it carrying it
with one hand. This practice outlived the Viking Age. Inga
from Varteig
in 1218 performed the ritual of fire to prove her son was the
rightful heir to the throne of Norway.
An
actual written code for dueling in Europe was created in 1409 in
Italy, called Flos
Deullatorum.
Fifteenth century sword and dueling masters like Fechtbücher
Hans Talhoffer
provided judicial and tournament rules in more detail.
Randolph Dueling Pistols |
The
Renaissance
era provided more refined rules until the Irish Code
Duello,
until the Victorian era when pugilism replaced dueling in England.
Queen
Victoria
of England was adamantly against dueling and made it illegal.
Pugilism also had established rules known as Marquess
of Queensberry.
The name taken from a Scottish nobleman, John
Sholto Douglas.
In
the United States, former governor of South Carolina, John
Lyde Wislon,
published The Code
of Honor
or called Rules
for the Government of Principals and Seconds in Dueling.
By
this time period, swords were replaced with dueling pistols, which
were made by famous gunsmiths like Manton
of London,
who also replaced the flintlock
pistol
with a percussion
pistol. A set of dueling pistols today has been known to sell at
auction for up to $1 million.
Dueling pistols were exquisite pieces
of art, kept in a decorative wooden box lined with felt or satin that
included the necessary accessories and cleaning implements required
to keep maintained. Examples of antique dueling pistols:
Manton Dueling Pistols, London, 1815 |
- Cased pair of Flintlock Dueling Pistols by Joseph Manton, 1815.
- Cased pair, 38-Bore Flintlock Duelling Pistols, Joseph Manton, 1815.
- Full Stocked John Manton Flintlock Duelling Pistols, 24-Bore, circa: 1797.
- Cased Pair, John Manton Percussion Dueling Pistols, .50-caliber, 95% original finish.
After
this article there will be a video about dueling pistols and
duelling.
The following is a short list of duels that are not as well-known as
some, like the Alexander
Hamilton
and Aaron
Burr
duel
in the United States, 1804. Beginning with the oldest, it is a rare
duel where two women fight for honor, one of only two known duels
that involved women.
Duel
between Isabella de Carazzi and Diambre de Pettinella, 1552:
This
duel occurred between two women for the love of Fabio
de Zeresola
in Italy. The Spanish artist, Jusepe
de Ribera
(1591 to 1652) immortalized it in his oil painting on canvas, 1636,
now at the Museo
del Prado,
Madrid, Spain. The duel occurred long before he was born, but the
story inspired him to paint it on canvas. Fabio was the most sought
after bachelor in Naples in the 16th
century and the outcome of the duel is unknown. It might have been
forgotten if it were not for the Ribera oil painting entitled Duelo
de Mujeres.
[Duel
of Women]
Duel
of Miyamoto Mushai and Sasaki Kojiro, 1612:
Both
of these combatants were considered master swordsmen of their time.
According to legend, their difference were caused by honor and they
arranged for a meeting on the shores of Ganryū Island. Musashi
showed up several hours late to unsettle his opponent and brought
with him a giant wooden sword he made out of the oar of a boat.
Kojiro attacked the samurai
with his famous swallow cut, but before the blade was lowered Musashi
dealt a fatal blow. Kojiro friends were angry for his tardiness and
chased after the samurai, who made it to his boat and escaped.
Musashi would become an acclaimed Japanese painter in his later
years.
Lady
Almeria Braddock versus Mrs. Elphinstone, 1792:
Duels
would often be initiated over silly arguments, this is one of them
and it involved two women, the second known dueling event involving
that gender. When Mrs. Elphinstone
made a social call to Lady Almeria
Braddock
in her London home, the visit turned sour when Mrs. Elphinstone made
a comment about the hostess' age. The challenge was made and they met
in Hyde Park made famous by Sherlock
Holmes
stories and the novel Strange
Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.
According to reports, Mrs. Elphinstone fired her pistol first,
hitting Lady Braddock's hat where it fell to the ground. Then the
women decided to take up swords and Lady Braddock wounded her
opponent in the arm. It became known about London as the Petticoat
Duel and ended with neither dying and Mrs. Elphinstone agreeing to
write a letter of apology.
Hamilton and Burr Duel, 1804 |
In
America, the tradition of dueling was imported from Europe as much of
the traditions have, except for Thanksgiving
Day,
which originated in early colonial period. Alexander Hamilton
was killed in his prime because of a duel. Surprisingly, early
politicians in state and federal government would have arguments
amongst each other that sometimes ended up settled upon a dueling
field.
New
Orleans was a place where southern gentleman and proud Creole
gentleman would duel over what sometimes were petty reasons. In New
Orleans there was a specific place where duels usually took place,
known as Duelling
Oaks.
A tourist attraction today, like the fascination of firearm
collectors paying huge amounts of money for fully cased and preserved
dueling pistol sets. Well, they are part of firearm history.
Andrew Jackson, Duelist President |
Andrew Jackson, our seventh President of the United States fought more than
twelve duels, receiving a bullet in his lung that remained there
until his death nineteen years later. Most of the duels concerned the
honor of his wife. On one occasion a political rival from Tennessee
(first governor of that state) accused of him of adultery because his
wife's divorce from her first husband was not finalized until she
remarried. Technically true, but a major insult to Jackson. The
incident ended with the death of the politician from Tennessee. The
video that follows this article depicts the incident.
The
bullet that hit Jackson in the lung in a duel was about a horse race.
Jackson won that duel despite being seriously wounded. He took the
hit in his chest, flinching but not dropping and then made his shot
that was a quick kill. As stated, The Duelling Oaks in New Orleans,
aforementioned, was almost a daily activity.
Stephen Decatur, Naval Hero Killed in Duel |
Stephen
Decatur,
the naval officer hero of Tripoli was killed at the dueling grounds
in Bladensburg, Maryland in 1820, which is a sad tale in which two
friends, instigated by the seconds of both, who wanted Stephen
Decatur dead, ended up on a dueling field. Schools, especially in
Pennsylvania are named after him.
Duel
of Wild Bill Hickock and Davis Tutt:
By
the time of the days of the Old
West,
gentlemanly dueling had vanished, mostly because it became unlawful.
The duel and its rules were changed and the “quick-draw”
duel would occur from time to time. Actually, it was Wild
Bill
Hickock
who enacted this first
western duel on a street
in Springfield, Missouri. It became big news of the day and was
featured in an article in Harper's
Magazine
in 1867, which made Hickock famous everywhere – even in Europe.
Tutt and Hickock were friends despite that Tutt fought for the
Confederate Army and Hickock was an Army Scout for the Union. Both
liked to gamble. The falling out reportedly occurred over a women,
Tutt paying too much attention to Wild Bill's girl, Susanna
Moore
and rumors that Hickock had fathered an illegitimate child with
Tutt's sister. Hickock began to refuse to play any card game when
Tutt was involved; and Tutt supported other card players with advice
and money in order to attempt to bankrupt Hickock.
The
conflict came to a head when Tutt had received Hickock's watch to pay
a $40 debt. Tutt found the opportunity to humiliate his former
friend. After several days of underhandedness and goading, using the
watch, Hickock's patience was breaking. Hearing that Tutt planned to
wear the watch in
the middle of the town square,
Hickock stated: He
shouldn't come across that square unless dead men can walk.
Hickock went to his room to clean, oil and reload his pistols in
anticipation of a confrontation with Tutt the next morning when the
latter stated he would strut with his watch in the town square.
Tutt
could not back off after hearing that Hickock's patience had worn out
and what he said, so the next day he arrived at the town square about
10 am and according to testimony of four witnesses, Hickock met Tutt
at the square to discuss the return of his watch. Tutt wanted $45.
Eli Armstrong, who was present and a witness, tried to convince Tutt
to go by the original $35 and negotiate for the rest later. Hickock
still insisted he only owed $25. Holding the watch up in plain view
of Hickock and everyone, he stated he would accept nothing but $45.
However, both stated they did not want to fight, so they went to the
nearest saloon for a drink together. When Tutt left, he was still
wearing the watch in the open.
At
about 6 pm, Hickock was seen calmly walking to the square with his
Colt Navy in his hand. The crowd at the square saw the pistol and
immediately scattered to nearby buildings. Tutt stood alone in the
square and at a distance of about 75 yards, Hickock stopped and
called out: Dave,
here I am.
He cocked his pistol and put it in his holster.
Both
men stood sideways, a stance that made the least target; but Tutt was
reported to be the better marksman. Neither stood down. Tutt reached
for his pistol and Hickock drew his gun and made a steady aim on his
left forearm. According to reports, both men fired at the same time,
Tutt missing and Hickock's bullet striking him in the left side
between his ribs. Tutt called out: Boys,
I'm killed and
staggered onto the porch of the courthouse and then back onto the
street where he collapsed and died.
A
warrant was issued for Hickock's arrest and was arrested two days
after the shooting. Bail was denied, but eventually was able to post
bail for $2,000 (about $30,000 today) and the magistrate reduced the
charge from murder to manslaughter. The trial lasted three days with
22 witnesses testifying. Hickock's lawyer was Colonel John
S. Phelps.
Trial transcripts have been lost, but newspaper reports stated he was
found not guilty, declared self-defense. Some were not happy with the
verdict, one of them a Springfield attorney who made a speech in the
square and murmurs of a lynching were heard. Davis Tutt was buried in
Springfield City Cemetery, his former slave and half-brother, Lewis
Tutt, later interred the body and reburied it in Maple Park Cemetery;
no reason known.
Another
stupid reason to initiate a duel, western style or not.
The
following YouTube
video is part of Tales
of the Gun
series, dealing with the history of dueling …
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